2.
   2021
/  

: 2     :50
:    -    ,        
             
1.          :
() 
()  
2.        
3.           
4.          
5.     ,      
6.   ,     
7.        
8.    '      
2.
   2021
/  

: 2     :50
:    -    ,        
             
1.          :
() 
()  
:(a)  -         
   
            
    ;           
    
 
  ?
  ,             
  ,    :




-  
   ""         () ,   
 ,      
 
    ?
   '     :
2.
  (6 )

  (8 )
    '          ,   
  '     
    ?
 :
  
  ,       
           
      ,     
  
                
 :
, , , , , 
         
    
    (6 ):
|  
|   |   |
,     ,         :
|    |    |    |    |
    ,          
         :
2.
" -  -  -  -  - "
    ,         
 
 ?
   
:
1.     
2.       
3.         
4.      
 
  ,        ,     
()   -    
     ,        :  
      ,    ,      
     
  ?
    ,       ""  
              ,
   ,           '  
     :
, , , , , , 
          ,     
   
 "" 

 ?
  ""   ,      
2.
 ,                 
  "" (   ) '   
  
   :
 
 
  
      ,           
      ,      "" '  ,   
     
     ?
    :



  
          ,     
  
   
1.      
2.        
3.  
   '   
   "" 
 ,      
  ( )
          :
" -  -  -  -  -  -  -  - "
2.
  :
  
  
   
  "" '   
     
 ,    ,      
     ?
      :
  
  
  
    ,          , 
      
  
 ?
   
 :
1.    
 
2.        
3.      
4.       
5.          
      

 
, , 
, , 
     
     
   
    ' 
  /  
  /    
2.
   
 
     
   
 
    
 
    :
         
            
 - ,             

 

    
;  ,       
   ,     ,     
  ,            
              
  
     ,            
        - 
      
   
2.        
:  
  (      )   200    
 (1780–1826)          ,    
         ,      , 
                  -
        
       ,        
        ,    ,   
'   
    
2.
1.   ( ):
o    ,      
o    ,      
2.  :
o        ,   , ,  
o        
3. :
o           
o   ,  ,       -  
 
4.  :
o      ( )    ( )
   
o  ,       ,    


5.  ( ):
o           ,
( ),  ( ),   ( )   
   
      ,    :
: ,    
 
:  ,    
:,        
  :     ,  
:   ,   
:    ,  ( ) '   
  ,          '  
  '  
    
  :,    
  :       
  
   (" "):     
  ,    
  :20
        ,  
        
     :     
2.
  
                
  '  ,      ,     
              -  
,  ,  
     :   ,   ,   
   
1.  :          
2.  :      ,   

3. :        
4.  :         
 ,   
 

   

   (1780-1826)

~200  
 
,  

 ,  

, , , , 
  
 ,  ,  

  +  
 
       
 -          
   ,    ,      
  ,  ,           
     
 
2.
3.           
:󷙣󷙤󷙥Pt     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
   (1920–1997),        ,   
 "" ( )       
 
          ,     
     
   ,        ,   ,   
              
      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
           ,     
     
        ,   
   
     
   ,            
     '    
   ,      ( ) 
  '   ,       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
      
      
    , ,    
    
    ,      ,  
       
     ,       
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔              
 ,     '    

2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
       :
  (  )   '    , 
       
        ,     
   ,   ' 
 ,      ,    
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔,    
,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1988 ,          , 
          
             
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
      :
   ,      
 , , , ,        
    ,     
  
  
   ,           -
     "" -          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
            ,  
           ,      
    ,      ,      
    
 ,    ,        ,  
              
,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
:         
2.
:          
:           

 :       ,   
   
󹵍󹵉󹵎󹵏󹵐 
 


   ,   

  ,       

     

,  ' ,    

    (1988)

 ,     
󷇮󷇭 
         -    ,   
               
   ,     ,       , 
,        ,          
  
      ,     
    
 
 -  ,         
  
4.          
:   -
             ,    
   , ,         
  ,         -     
 
        
   ,       '   
     ,    ,      
'  
2.
  :        ,    
      
  -
               :
 ( ):,  
 ( ):,  
   -   ,  ,       
      
     ,        
     
1.    ()
   '      (6 ),  (8 ),   (14
)    
      ,   
      
   
:    ,       ,  , 
   
2.  
     '   ,      
   ,      
 
  ,     
 
    
 -     
 
3.    
     ,  
      
         ,     
    
          
    :      ,     
 
2.
4.   
       ( )     

       ,        
      
   
1.    
       '   
   
           
        
: "  ,      " 
       
     
2.    
   ,    '   

   '       ,     
       
 
3.  
   ( ), 
(),   ( )   
   
         
        
4.   
    ,    ()    
     ,      

 
         
  
           ,     
      :            
    ,        
2.
     
 ,      ,    
                , 
      -         
  
 : ,  ,  ,  
 :  ,   ,   - 
      
        ,  
    
         
 





 
         ,      , 
             ,   
      
     -    ,   
  
5.     ,      
:   ?
                
   ,    
;       
         
          '      
,   , ,           
, ,   
 
2.
   :
14  ()
4  ()    :
3 + 4 + 3 + 4
        :
  |   |   |   
          
      14 
          - 
 
   ?
    
          
,     ,   ,         
     ,       
   :
     
  '       
-, ,     
  
     
 
 ,             " 
"   ,             
         
    '      
  ?
              
          
     :
    
       
2.
  (   ) '   
                 
   
       ,  ''     
            '     
      
 
          ,    :
     -        '   
   :
  
 
       
  ?
     ,      ,      
      :
 

  
  '          
""                
; 
 ,            :
 ,  ,  
  :
 =  ,                
    
     "     "  ,     
  ,        14-    
2.
        ?
  
   ,       
    '     :
 
     ? 
    
    ? 
,       
  ?
       
     -  
   
   
?
      
 -  
 :

   
     
     
   
   
        
    
          
     ,  
  
6.   ,     
:   -
  14  ()     
   (12 )      
          '   
   
14    ()    :
 : 4 
2.
 : 4 
 : 3 
 : 3 
          
   
  (  )  :

    |     |     |    
  :
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
   ,  
 '    
 
          
:    ( )
:    ( )
:    ( )
     :
   ( ) 
   () 
2.
    ( , )
   (14 )   ,       
   
 ,                
 ,   

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
     ,   ,        
   
 :        -     
 
  
 ,             ,  14   
  

1  
2  
3  
 
5  
6  
7  
2.
8  
9  
10  
11  
12  
13  
14  
       ,     14-     
 
 :            
   
 ,             ,   , 
 
 
  
2   
  
   
   
6   
   
  
  
10   
11   
12   
   
14   
     ,         
 :         
     
1. 
:     ,      
2. :     ,   
3. :     ,       
4.  :      
 
5.   :         
2.
 


   

1   
             

2   
             

4   
          
 
 ,  14-    ,       
   ,         , 
 
  
   
 
,    
, ,   
,    
  ,  
          ,    
 ,  
     ,       -    
 ,  ,             
      
7.        
: 
     ,  
    
  

, , ,             
            
;    
               
   
   " "     
   
     
    ,      
 ,             , 
 --  ,       
   ""  ?
   
         : -, -
2.
      
 
     
 :
1234 | 1234…
      
, :
            '    
  ,      ,        
        :
6 
8 
10 
16   
        '  ,       
  
   :  
,  
     '           
                 
    
   :
      
      
        
          
     ,     
  ,              
  
     
2.
     
        
  
 , ,         
  '        
    
 

 (  )
-  
      " " 
   
      
    3-    
      
    
 -    
   ,         
       , ,    
      
                 
 -     !
  (8 )
   : 1–2–3–4 | 5–6–7–8
 ,            , ,   
       ,    -     
2.
  (6 )
   : 1–2–3 | 4–5–6
, ,   ,        
        
 (16 )
  : 4 + 4 + 4 + 4   
, ,             
 (12 )
               

 (10 )
               

  (7 )
(3 + 2 + 2 )             
  :    
              
    :
   
2.
   
 , 
   
   
 ,            
,           
 ,    
       
     
                
 ,               
    
 ,
   
   
     
   -       -     
, ,  
         :



          :


 
        ,    -    
   
2.
 +  = 
    : "     ,     
    ?"
 
!
    ,      
    
  -   
  
  
    
     
 
  
 ?

   :     
   , 
   :
 
    
   
      
8.    '      
:-
     ,  ,      
 
 -            , 
,         
 ,        
             ,    '  
                 
       
2.
      
1. -   ()
              
 :
 (6 ):     ,     
   
 (8 ):,  ,   -     

 (16 ): ,       
 (14 ):,  ,       
 (12 ):  ,      
      -  ,    
           
2.   (   )
                
     :
  (5 ): ,  ,    
  (5 ):  5- ,    
  (6 ):           
 (9 ):  ,      
  
  (11 ):  ,    

 
  (18 ):  ,  ,      
               
 
 
    
?
 :          
  
 
 :       - , , ,  -
:          ,     
   
  :         ,   
2.
     
1.     :    
      '

2.  :     ,      
3.   :,     ,    
 
4.    :-       
   
  
                 
       
 ,      -
          
 , 14  -  ,
    ,           

,       
  
                
  -      ,        
 

  

/
-
 
, , ,
, 
6, 8, 16,
14, 12
, , ,


( )
,  , ,
, , 
5, 5, 6, 9,
11, 18
 , ,
 
 
               
            ,   
                
  
 -            
 ,  
   ,           
   :    ,         
  
"              
 
       ,       
 "